Gender differences in child and adolescent neurodevelopment

The neurodevelopmental service recognises that autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can present differently across genders and takes this into account during assessments.

Autism spectrum disorder presentation

Often referred to as the female profile, the internalised presentation of autism spectrum disorder is based on evidence that suggests girls are more socially aware, motivated, and eager to form friendships. They may also have more active imaginations and socially acceptable interests.

In short, they can appear more socially competent by mirroring, copying, or imitating peers. However, this social camouflage requires significant effort and can drain their social energy. While they may mask their difficulties at school or in the community, parents often report meltdowns, shutdowns, or outbursts at home.

Social energy refers to the effort needed to focus, engage socially, and manage environmental demands.

For further information watch, Alis Rowe, the girl with the curly hair,  the visual guide to social energy (opens in new window).

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder presentation

Evidence suggests that boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder often display externalised symptoms, such as physical hyperactivity and impulsivity. In contrast, girls tend to show internalised symptoms, including inattentiveness, daydreaming, difficulty focusing, appearing not to listen, and low self-esteem. They may also struggle more with emotional regulation.

Boys are more likely to show physical aggression, while girls tend to be more verbally aggressive.

As a result, girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are often overlooked and under-referred for assessment.

For more information on the presentation, please see deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls, how to recognise the symptoms (opens in new window).

Recommended reading

• Understanding Girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: How they feel and why they do what they do
• Attention girls: A guide to learn all about your attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by Patricia Quinn
• I am AspienGirl by Tania Marshall
• Women and girls with autism spectrum disorder by Sarah Hendrick
• Can you see me? by Libby Scott
• Odd girl out: An autistic woman in a neurotypical world by Laura James
• Education and girls on the autism spectrum by Hebron Bond

Book loan scheme

We’ve heard from parents and professionals how helpful it has been to read books related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with children, siblings, and other family members. In response, we’ve introduced a book loan scheme to support families who may not be able to purchase or find these books. For more information, ask your child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) worker.

Plan your journey

If you use public transport, the Traveline journey planner provides information about what services and times are available.

Page last reviewed: March 12, 2025
Next review due: March 12, 2026